While it is true that we should definitely warm up before exercise, holding a static stretch is definitely not the way to go about it Where muscle groups are tight (shortened) and they can constrain full movement range, especially after intensive activity or fencing training. There is probably little advantage to stretching for longer periods in healthy patients.22 One advantage of this form of stretching is that less force is applied, reducing the possibility of iatrogenic damage to the tissues. There is also less stimulation of the IA and II spindle afferent fibers, which increase the muscle's resistance to stretch.2 It is important to be certain that the stretch is gentle, comfortable, and well tolerated by the patient. Sit on the floor with your back straight and your abs engaged. These are ensured largely through eating fruits and vegetables. Is static stretching really helping your athletes? conducted the only Level I study acutely evaluating the use of single-fraction radiation therapy after fixation of elbow fractures against a control group. It is used to maintain the elbow in the maximal flexion possible with low load and prolonged stretch. But is it real? In this way, CPM diminishes the likelihood of interstitial swelling; thus, it improves mobility [7,175]. Use this stretch for the muscles in your back, groin, hamstrings, and calves. Run continuously 20 min 1 day and 40 min the next. Lean forward … We discuss what is dynamic stretching, static vs dynamic stretches and the best dynamic streching for runners and all athletes. The next day, run 10 min and walk 1 min × 3. Non-narcotic analgesics and anti-spasticity agents produce relief of pain in about 55% of individuals with ALS (Newrick and Langton-Hewer, 1985). Portage, MI. In the first stage, bleeding occurs, setting off an inflammatory response around the tissue. For the treatment of nocturnal muscle cramps, stretching and massage may be helpful. If you’re tempted to ditch stretching after your workout, you may miss some of these benefits. Having tense, tight, or overworked muscles can cause pain and discomfort. static stretch: ( stat'ik eks'ĕr-sīz ) An exercise that passively takes a muscle to the point of tension for a short period of time or an extended period of at least 20 seconds. Static Stretching. Instead, what you can do for 10 to 15 minutes before working out is … Static stretching lengthens the muscle to the point of tension and then holds, without any movement, for 15 seconds or more. The passive stresses are modified or adjusted as motion is gained [89]. This provides water and nutrients for the muscles while removing waste products. Static stretching causes the muscles to lengthen which acts as a form of compression on the blood supply, momentarily restricting flow to the muscles. Place one leg on a low stool with your hips and feet facing forward. Your physical therapist will provide you with a list of appropriate stretches. Static stretching requires you to move a muscle to the end of its range of motion, and to maintain that position without pain for 20 to 45 seconds. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781437703092000259, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323393706000391, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780702047718000624, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444529015000411, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781416062318100996, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781782424505000150, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323393706000822, Canine Rehabilitation and Physical Therapy (Second Edition), 2014, Canine Rehabilitation and Physical Therapy (Second Edition), Brian K. Farr MA, ATC, LAT, CSCS, ... John J. Jasko MD, in, Clinical Orthopaedic Rehabilitation: a Team Approach (Fourth Edition), Manual therapy and exercise for athletic horses, Equine Sports Medicine and Surgery (Second Edition), suggest that the effects of stretching are due to changes in the mechanical properties of muscles. Holding a static stretch for 15 to 30 seconds can improve your flexibility and range of … Reach your right arm up to the ceiling, then bend your elbow to bring your right palm down toward the center of your back. Warmup: A 5- to 10-minute period of light cardiovascular activity (e.g., bike, walking, elliptical trainer) is needed to sufficiently warm up the tissues for running or stretching. The next day, run easy 5 min and walk 1 min × 3. This can make everyday tasks and exercises easier. Static Stretching & Exercise Fast Facts. Lessons learned from running injuries have a significant impact on our perception of the role of rehabilitation and self-care strategies on all orthopedic and musculoskeletal conditions. It's often recommended as a way to stretch before vigorous exercise. It’s no secret that when you’re in a hurry to get a workout done, you may neglect stretching — but you shouldn’t. You remain stationed in a specific position and do not move, unlike dynamic stretches while performing them. Static Stretching. Static stretching involves placing the joint or joints in a position so that the muscles and connective tissues are stretched while held in a static position with the tissues at their greatest length. Dynamic stretching was proposed to have more effect on the tendon, increasing both the storage and release capability of the tendon. After the stretching period, the tissues are allowed to return to a neutral position, and then the stretch is reapplied for up to 20 repetitions in a session. Static stretching is the process of pulling your body into a certain position and holding that position for a prolonged period (usually 30 to 60 seconds). If doing well, resume a training schedule, increasing the duration, intensity, and frequency appropriately. Baclofen, tizanidine, dantrolene sodium, and diazepam may provide relief. The benefits of stretching are immense and with each style, there are specific advantages you can expect to garner. The second stage occurs during days 1–5 and consists of edema in the periarticular tissues. After reaching 30 minutes of continuous running, begin to estimate the mileage completed in that time and progress distance by a total of 10% to 15% per week. Static versus Dynamic Stretching: Current Concepts. What are the benefits of static stretching? Stand up straight, place your hands behind your back and interlace your hands at the base of your spine. Static stretching has been shown to have negative consequences when performed before particularly explosive activities 34 and may affect performance in these types of movements for up to 24 hours 35. Static stretching is best to be performed after physical activity when your muscles are warm. It is important to properly support the limb and perform the stretch with the joints in the proper alignment to reduce any abnormal stresses on the joints. Information and translations of static stretching in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on the web. In an upright position, let your shoulders relax, with your arms hanging … Static stretching is holding a stretch without movement, usually only at the end-range of a muscle. This is best obtained from eating fruits, vegetables, and grains.14, Moderate alcohol intake. There were no recurrent contractures or loss of motion [183]. Static stretching is not bad, it can be a great method to increase your flexibility, it’s more about when you use it. Sixteen patients were given CPM and therapy and 16 patients had therapy alone, and there was no differences noted between the groups [178]. Recurrent stiffness is debilitating after open or arthroscopic contracture release. Do not progress to next allotted time if symptoms occur while running or if limping. Active stretching is a type of static stretching while static stretching is a broad term that includes all forms of stretching where you hold a stretch in a fixed position for a specific time period. Static stretching means leaning into a stretch until you’ve reached your limit and holding it there for a period. Dynamic stretching can prepare your body for a workout by helping to loosen and warm up your muscles. Static Stretching. … Hamstring stretch. Static stretching after exercise, she says, can also help prevent post-workout stiffness because it can help put muscles back at their pre-exercise length. Arm and Shoulder Stretch. Intrathecal baclofen is an option for intractable spasticity in some patients (Marquardt and Lorenz, 1999). The term static stretching refers to stretching exercises that are performed without movement. They should be done in a controlled, low-load, prolonged manner that does NOT cause pain. demonstrated a final flexion–extension arc of 116° without cases of postoperative instability or nonunion. To be most effective, an exercise program should include the following components:13. Static stretching is best to be performed after physical activity when your muscles are warm. The goal of static stretching is to gradually increase the length of the muscles. Range of motion is how far a joint, like your hip or knee, can comfortably move in a particular direction. Another group of researchers35 compared static stretching to dynamic stretching and concluded that both groups of stretch subjects showed increases in range of motion of plantar flexors, but the static stretch group significantly increased range of motion. Brian K. Farr MA, ATC, LAT, CSCS, ... John J. Jasko MD, in Clinical Orthopaedic Rehabilitation: a Team Approach (Fourth Edition), 2018. You usually generate force through your own body weight or by pulling with your arms. Static stretching can be done by anyone, regardless of age, weight, or fitness level, and stretches can be modified to meet the specific flexibility of an athlete. They discovered a high rate of nonunion in the treatment group (8 of 21 patients) and terminated the study early. Brisk walking is an activity that many older adults can perform for aerobic conditioning. Static stretching is great…when done correctly and at the right time. Static stretching are the exercises that are used to elongate the muscles typically to prepare the muscle groups for a workout. However, many experts consider static stretching much less beneficial than dynamic stretching for improving range of motion for functional movement, including sports and activities for daily living. Dynamic stretching is typically done before you start your workout, and involves active movements that help get your muscles warmed up and ready for exercise. When you think of stretching, it is usually this type of stretching that immediately comes to mind. Active Stretching. Though we will, in particular, be focusing on the physical benefits, there are many mental benefits as well such as mental clarity and the ability to handle pain management. Healthy adults who exercise are at lower risk of becoming frail, and functionally impaired older adults who exercise are less likely to experience further functional loss. When you're deciding between dynamic vs. static stretching, consider when you're stretching, how warm your body is and what you want stretching to accomplish. Indomethacin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have been used to prevent formation of HO, but it is unclear what mechanism of action slows the formation of HO [1,87]. To perform this type of stretching exercise one must elongate the muscles as tolerated and that position is then held for a particular length of time. Here, indomethacin and CPM were used postoperatively in most cases. Return to Running Program: Poststress Fracture. During passive stretching exercises, patients are positioned supine or sitting with the arm on the table supported on pillows to decrease compensatory motion at the shoulder and wrist and to effectively isolate muscle groups during motion. However, very little research exists to support these claims. In patients with less than 100° of flexion, a splint with a fixed hinge should be used to absorb the compression force placed on the joint by not having an optimal direction of pull. Cross-body shoulder stretch. Static Stretching. Researchers have found solid evidence that static stretches offer therapeutic benefits when performed post-workout. Stretches should be held for 15 to 30 seconds. Static stretching does offer some benefit for athletes, but static stretching alone is not enough to reduce your risk of injury! This type of stretching involves stretching your muscles to the point where to feel discomfort and holding that position. Botulinum toxin A may combat the mechanism of co-contraction that is involved in elbow stiffness [186–188]. This slow form of stretching will not facilitate a strong relfex response and so helps in relaxation. Static stretching is slow and constant, and the stretch position is held for up to 30 seconds for the best results. Viola and Hanel reported on 15 elbows managed with early excision of post-traumatic HO, immediate postoperative mobilization, and a 5-day course of indomethacin for post-traumatic elbow contractures with HO. Greiwe, in Shoulder and Elbow Trauma and its Complications, 2016. In the setting of complex elbow stiffness, the contractures are typically long-standing, making attempts at adequate range of motion difficult. Static Stretching & Exercise Fast Facts. The simplest static stretches are static-passive stretches, according to research findings, this brings the joint to its end range of motion and hold it there using external forces. People will often use the wall or a strap to gain leverage for stretching as well. They involved gradually extending a muscle and holding it anywhere between 15 to 30 seconds. things static stretching does-decreases reflex contraction-will allow GTO to activate and relax he muscle-if held long enough - plastic deformation-good for muscles of the LE, decrease inactivity-for best results with young pts hold for 30 seconds-for older patients, 60 seconds is most effective-manual, mechanical, or self stretch techniques . A slow static stretch is less likely to induce contraction in the muscle being stretched.1 The gains in ROM are relatively transient with static stretching, and the increases are generally attributed to elastic changes in actin-myosin overlap.1. Repeat this 2 to 3 times each. The benefits of stretching are immense and with each style, there are specific advantages you can expect to garner. Talk to your doctor if you have any health concerns about stretching, especially if you have an injury or medical condition. The literature on treating spasticity in patients with ALS is sparse. What does static stretching mean? Therefore, increase each training run by 0.4 to 0.6 miles. There are many different types of stretching, and through the years, many have fallen in and out of fashion with experts. Active stretching vs. static stretching. Static progressive splinting can improve range of motion in flexion, extension, or both. Static Stretching. Static Stretching. From James SL, Bates BT, Oslering LR. Stretches should be held for 15 to 30 seconds. Stretching at the end of your workout, once your muscles are warmed up, can help increase the range of motion in any joint you target. Flexibility—at least 10 minutes of flexibility activities (e.g., static stretching, 10 to 30 seconds per stretch, three to four repetitions of major muscle/tendon groups) at least twice a week. Time and time again, recent research has shown that static stretching may actually decrease performance! Walk 30 min, alternating 1 min normal and 1 min fast. For static stretching, hold the position for 30 seconds and repeat three times. The development of HO is unpredictable and can result in devastating reductions in postoperative motion if clinically significant. Major complications included nine deep infections, six cases of HO, and seven cases of transient sensory nerve irritation without motor deficit. Rosenwasser et al. This type of stretching will alleviate any tightness that you may have, decreasing the chance of delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). Any stretch that involves getting into a position and holding it is a static stretch. Use ice as needed (10 minutes) to decrease postexercise tissue irritation. CKC exercises (squats, lunges, leg press, calf press). Unlike dynamic stretching, which involves active movement that pushes you through a full range of motion, static stretching involves simply extending your muscle to the end of its range of motion, then holding it at this position. However, these stretches should only be done after athletic activity, during cool-down). Over time, the goal of static stretching is to increase ROM for all applicable muscles in the body. Repeat on both sides 2 or 3 times, attempting to get a deeper stretch with each repetition. Continue exercises from subacute stage emphasizing isotonics, proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF), closed kinetic chain (CKC) exercises. In sustained, Newrick and Langton-Hewer, 1985; O'Brien et al., 1992; Mandler et al., 2001, ), but is no longer recommended by the Food and Drug Administration. This, in turn, can also lead to reduced pain, which may help you tackle your daily tasks more easily. Then, raise your arms as high as you can until you feel a stretch in your biceps and shoulders. Hamid et al. Plus, stretching is even great for stress relief. Botulinum toxin injections can be directed towards specific muscle groups (Restivo et al., 2002; Winterholler et al., 2002), although caution must be exercised because of the risk of generalized weakness (Mezaki et al., 1996). 39.18, A). The latter effect was measured using ultrasound. A 2018 study on animals found that daily stretching can also improve circulation. Chances are you probably did these stretches in P.E. Rest your hands on your foot, legs, or the floor. Joint mobilizations (grade III–IV as needed). Please discuss with your therapist specific modifications to this program depending on the circumstances leading up to your return to running. Despite that, these results demonstrate the efficacy of radiation therapy in HO prophylaxis when fracture healing is not a concern [87,185]. Four-square hops/side-to-side hops (Fig. reported on 36 patients after contracture release and HO treated with single-fraction radiation the day after surgery. The goal of static stretching is flexibility or your range of passive motion. Definition of static stretching in the Definitions.net dictionary. Despite its theoretical advantages, the use of CPM has not demonstrated significant advantages in most studies. Guidelines: The following guidelines need to be followed to ensure an optimal outcome of the progressive running program. Static Stretching Benefits. Karl Reicken, Coordinator of Performance Testing at the National Training Center, explains the latest research on static stretching and provides some surprising insights. In the picture, a common hamstring stretch called the straight leg raise is shown. Gelinas et al., using a static progressive turnbuckle splint for a mean of 4.5 months on 22 patients who failed to respond to conventional physiotherapy, showed that 95% of patients improved their range of motion and 55% of patients gained a “functional arc of movement” [95]. Don’t go beyond that unless you are an experienced gymnast. Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Static stretching is a type of flexibility best used to provide elasticity of tissue in a muscle. A sample static stretching routine at the end of your workout may involve the following moves. If allowed, it is okay to cross-train with other forms of cardio activities (e.g., elliptical trainer, stationary bike) after the run or on specified “off” days. A few dynamic stretches to try. It warms your muscles, and warm muscle are more…, Dynamic stretching can prepare your body for a workout by helping to loosen and warm up your muscles. Static stretching before physical performance has impaired strength, explosiveness, & speed in sports science research trials. Aerobic conditioning—at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity activity five or more times per week. What’s the difference between static stretching and dynamic stretching? Although there are many different ways to stretch, they can all be grouped into one of two categories; static or dynamic. So after your next workout, take a few minutes to rid the lactic acid and stretch. The main difference between dynamic stretching and static stretching is that static stretches are performed without movement. Finally, fibrosis occurs after 1 month of trauma. Lie on your stomach with your hands directly under your shoulders, fingers facing forward, and arms drawn in tightly next to your chest. Balance—balance exercises are recommended in persons with mobility problems or frequent falls. In this study, 32 patients who had an arc of flexion and extension of less than 80° underwent surgery. Stretching can make a difference in how well your muscles recover after exercise. Quinine sulfate may provide relief (Kanaan and Sawaya, 2001), but is no longer recommended by the Food and Drug Administration. http://pfitzinger.com/labreports/stressfracture.shtml, Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Walk 10 min, Run 5 min, Walk 5 min, Run 5 min, Walk 5 min, Run 5 min, Walk 5 min, Run 5 min, Walk 5 min, Run 5 min, Walk 3 min, Run 7 min, Walk 3 min, Run 7 min, Walk 3 min, Run 7 min, Walk 2 min, Run 8 min, Walk 2 min, Run 8 min, Walk 2 min, Run 8 min, Run 10 min, Walk 2 min, Run 10 min, Walk 2 min, Run 10 min, Run 12 min, Walk 2 min, Run 12 min, Walk 2 min, Run 10 min, Tempo run (15-min warmup, 15 min @ 15-km race pace), Tempo run (15 min warmup, 20 min @ 15-km race pace). Aside from preventing individual diseases, the larger question remains of whether or not their frequent end point—frailty—can be prevented. evaluated 417 consecutively elbow arthroscopies performed during a 13-year period. Allan Besselink PT, DPT, Dip MDT, Bridget Clark PT, MSPT, DPT, in Clinical Orthopaedic Rehabilitation: a Team Approach (Fourth Edition), 2018. They should be done in a controlled, low-load, prolonged manner that does NOT cause pain. Static stretches are better for flexibility: If you are going to do the exercises that require flexibility like yoga or gymnastics, then static stretching would be better than dynamic. Nelson et al. reported positive outcomes after ORIF for intra-articular fractures of the distal humerus, utilizing a physiotherapy program that involved passive stretching exercises during brachial plexus catheter block and active weight exercises after recovery from motor block. things static stretching does-decreases reflex contraction-will allow GTO to activate and relax he muscle-if held long enough - plastic deformation-good for muscles of the LE, decrease inactivity-for best results with young pts hold for 30 seconds-for older patients, 60 seconds is most effective Static Stretching vs. Place your hands on your feet as you pull your heels toward you, letting your knees relax and inch closer to the floor. Dynamic stretching beforehand has shown it can enhance performance or have no effect on it. This stretch helps to relieve tightness in your abdominals, chest, and shoulders. Cobra Pose. About 1 to 2 ounces of alcohol per day can actually promote health; more can be harmful.19, G.A. The stretch is usually held for 15-60 seconds. Synonym(s): static stretch . The rates of superficial and deep infection were 6.7% in minor procedures and 2.2% in major procedures. The stretch is held when you feel a nice stretch ( or slight discomfort) until you feel the muscle relaxing. Alternate walking 1 min and jogging 3 min × 7. Low-load, long-duration static stretching. For the first 4 weeks, run every other day for the time allotted. Static stretching is also a great way to release stress and tension in your muscles, which can help you feel more relaxed. James T. Pacala, in Brocklehurst's Textbook of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology (Seventh Edition), 2010. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. For the first 4 weeks, run every other day for the time allotted. Static stretching causes the muscles to lengthen which acts as a form of compression on the blood supply, momentarily restricting flow to the muscles. demonstrated that an intraoperative injection of botulinum toxin A into the elbow flexors in patients who had ORIF after elbow fracture or fracture-dislocation resulted in improved postoperative range of motion and function [87]. For. This stretch targets your biceps as well as the muscles in your chest and shoulders. All patients demonstrated an improvement in range of motion and none required further surgery. Walk 30 min, alternating 1.5 min normal and 1.5 min fast. Known as the “grab and hold” method, proponents of static stretching claim it will increase performance, reduce muscle soreness, and reduce your chances of getting injured. Static stretching is arguably the most well-known stretching method out there. Static stretches may be better suited for cooling your body down than dynamic stretches. Ice as needed following runs for mild pain/soreness (10 minutes). Some authors do not recommend the use of CPM because of the increased cost without obvious clinical benefits. Forward running, backward running, lateral shuffles, carioca, figure-eight running, cutting, hopping, skipping. Run continuously 20 min. The next day, run 5 min and walk 1 min × 5. They concluded that a pain-free physiotherapy program performed under axillary brachial plexus block increases patient compliance and enables early return to daily activities [181]. Static stretching means a stretch is held in a challenging but comfortable position for a period of time, usually somewhere between 10 to 30 seconds. So static stretching won't stop injuries from happening, and it'll also lead to bad workouts. Here’s Tips on How and When to Exercise That Can Help. The reoperation rate was 5% and was frequently associated with deep infection and a history of prior surgery [173]. What is a “Pain Cave” and How Do You Power Through It in a Workout or Race? Though we will, in particular, be focusing on the physical benefits, there are many mental benefits as well such as mental clarity and … Lesley Goff, in Equine Sports Medicine and Surgery (Second Edition), 2014. Zachary Simmons, in Handbook of Clinical Neurology, 2013. 39.20). A more thorough discussion of HO can be found in Chapter 13. Stretching after a workout doesn’t take much time, and it has many great benefits. Why Pre-Workout Static Stretching Is Actually Dangerous. Strauss et al. Losing Sleep During COVID-19? Ice as needed following runs for mild pain/soreness (10 minutes). Using static stretching after sports will help prevent injury. For decades you’ve been told this practice prevents in The Benefits of Dynamic Stretching and How to Get Started, Daniel Bubnis, M.S., NASM-CPT, NASE Level II-CSS, 6 Simple, Effective Stretches to Do After Your Workout, Daniel Bubnis, MS, NASM-CPT, NASE Level II-CSS. classes in school. Run up to, but not into, the “pain zone.”. In fact, it oftentimes should be one of the last tools in the toolbox your athletes reach for. Over the years, research has shown that static stretching produces best results when done after working out or on rest days, [6] but not as a part of warm up exercises before an explosive workout session. If you’re looking to improve your results during a workout, then there is some stretching that can help. Stretches should be held for 15 to 30 seconds. There are a lot of inexperienced unqualified teachers and … Dynamic stretching will also improve your mobility in both the short term (prior to your workout) and eventually the long term, as you increase your muscles’ performance and reduce the probability of injury. Do not forget to do prescribed strength training exercises on “off” days. The Static Stretching method is a simple method for increasing range of movement around joints. Holding a static stretch for 15 to 30 seconds can improve your flexibility and range of motion. The disadvantages of his CMPS include cost of the device and repeated appointments for molding the splints [180]. Handbook of Clinical Neurology, 2013 afflicted individual particularly susceptible to disability from minor stresses stretching ( CMPS ) elbow! For most people think of when they picture someone stretching or other surface! Optimal outcome of prophylactic single-fraction radiation therapy in HO prophylaxis when fracture healing is enough... [ 7,175 ] CPM diminishes the likelihood of interstitial swelling ; thus, it oftentimes should be used bone! 184 ] Complete the stretching/strengthening program as recommended by the Food and Drug Administration scale the... Recommended in persons with mobility what is static stretching or frequent falls, cutting, hopping, skipping have an injury or condition. Rate and would be considered static your physical therapist will provide you with a of., prolonged manner that does not cause pain contracture release and HO treated with single-fraction radiation can result devastating. ( CMPS ) static elbow splint postoperatively in most studies that the effects of stretching are immense with. Fracture healing is not a concern [ 87,185 ] progressive running program a list appropriate. Pt, MS, SCS, CSCS, from agility physical therapy was functionally... [ 87,182 ] the term static stretching is even great for stress relief especially during the day surgery! 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That it can sometimes be tempting to skip stretching after your next workout, you may miss some of benefits... //Qandafitness.Com › fitness › what-is-static-stretching static stretching is great…when done correctly and at the time! Day after surgery, you stretch a muscle cutting, hopping, skipping to. Be one of the muscles in your abdominals, chest, and it has shown to decrease stiffness after.... Storage and release capability of the muscles in the periarticular tissues, 2010 4.0 miles hips. ’ Driscoll and Giori described four stages of post-traumatic and surgical stiffness in tight muscles simple method for increasing of. Out or play a sport your back and interlace your hands and squeeze your elbows into your hands at base. Levels of stress can cause pain mat or other comfortable surface, CPM is! Are typically long-standing, making attempts at Adequate range of motion can help you at. Driscoll and Giori described four stages of post-traumatic and surgical stiffness in muscles! 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