Emmanuel Levinas was born in Lithuania in Kovno (1906-95) to a family who formed an integral part of Kovno’s important Jewish community where he received his education in Hebrew and Russian. Encyclopedia.com. Books by a top Levinas scholar; The Emmanuel Levinas web page by Peter … By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. First, he exercised a formative influence upon an entir…, Rosenzweig, Franz However, the Jewish response to the universal question contained elements beyond humanism, which he regarded as insufficiently human. At this time, the idea of God and the problem of the human experience of revelation grew in importance in his thinking. 2 (2005), 851–65; G.D. Mole, Lévinas, Blanchot, Jabès. Emmanuel Lévinas (January 12, 1906 – December 25, 1995) was a French, Jewish philosopher and Talmudic commentator. He introduced phenomenology to France through his translation of Husserl’s Cartesian Meditations into French, and he developed a lifelong friendship with Maurice Blanchot. Levinas's philosophy has been called ethics. Ethics as first philosophy. Lévinas’s other major philosophical works are De l’existence à l’existant (1947; Existence and Existents), En découvrant l’existence avec Husserl et Heidegger (1949; Discovering Existence with Husserl and Heidegger), and Autrement qu’être; ou, au-delà de l’essence (1974; Otherwise than Being; or, Beyond Essence). Levinas wrote about the greater attention to the human in the "humanism of the other man," which is dissatisfied with mere intentions and declarations and in which the violent freedom of the sovereign I, joylessly possessing the world, is radically put into question. S'agit-il d'un drame? Richard Wolin is an intellectual historian. ); idem, "La presenza biblica nella cultura ebraica contemporanea: M. Buber – F. Rosenzweig – E. Levinas," in: S.J. One can and in conditions of real life in society inevitably does compromise on the ethical call, but the call remains Notes on the Margins of his Legacy," Studia Phaenomenologica VI. For four years he was a prisoner, cutting and sawing wood. ), Re-Reading Levinas (1991); R. Bernasconi and D. Wood (eds. ), La lettura ebraica delle Scritture (1995), 465–95; idem, "Criticism of the 'Myth' of Unio Mystica in E. Levinas," in: H. Pedayah (ed. Emmanuel Levinas (1906–1996) has exerted a profound influence on 20th-century continental philosophy. It calls the subject into "giving and serving" the Other. This was the first French book on Husserl. ), Levinas and Buber. A person needs to understand that God does not promise anything or follow one’s magical thinking about God. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps. J. Todd (2002); F. Ciaramelli, Transcendance et éthique: essai sur Levinas (1989); D. Cohen-Lévinas and S. Trigano (eds. Brunschvicg, Léon Without presupposing an intimate knowledge of the history of philosophy, Levinas explores the ways in which Plotinus, Descartes, Husserl, and Heidegger have encountered the question of transcendence. Levinas made German phenomenology known in France. The influence of the Hebrew Bible and other Jewish writings on early French literature is limited. ); idem, "La notion de la révélation dans la 'théologie des profondeurs' de Heschel et la métaphysique éthique de Lévinas," in: G. Rabinovitch (ed. ); idem, "Levinas's Thinking on Religion as beyond the Pathetic: Reflections on the First Part of Difficult Freedom," in: E.L. Fackenheim and R. Jospe (eds. In 1939 Levinas was drafted into the French army and was then captured. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Emmanuel Levinas . In the Jewish writings, Abraham becomes the prototype of the one, characterized by hospitality, who transcends the narrow world of the self in order to follow an always exterior voice. After completing a doctoral dissertation at the Institut de France in 1928, Lévinas taught in Paris at the École Normale Israelite Orientale (ENIO), a school for Jewish students, and the Alliance Israelite Universelle, which tried to build bridges between French and Jewish intellectual traditions. Ouaknin, Méditations érotiques, Essai sur Emmanuel Lévinas (Collection Métaphora; 1991); idem, Concerto pour quatre consonnes sans voyelles. Only a heaven empty of … This is Levinas’s first great work of original philosophy, and his descriptions of the ways in which we are always called to be open to and respect and responsive to the experience of others informs much of my thinking. In the 1950s, Levinas emerged from the circle of intellectuals surrounding the philosopher Jean Wahl as a leading French thinker. During the 1928–29 academic year he went to nearby Freiburg, Germany, where he studied under Edmund *Husserl and Martin Heidegger. There is an interaction between the Greek "love of wisdom" and the Jewish "wisdom of love." ." In 1923 Levinas moved to France, where he studied in Strasbourg under people like Maurice Pradines, Henri Carteron, Maurice Halbwachs, and Charles Blondel. Levinas' entire philosophical project implies therefore an attack on totality, on totalitarian thinking and history. ); idem, "Teaching Levinas on Revelation," in: R. Jospe (ed. Emmanuel Levinas was a French philosopher born in 1906 who died in Paris in 1995. In this respect ontology is philosophically inferior to ethics, a field that Lévinas construes as encompassing all the practical dealings of human beings with each other. Time and the Other and Existence and Existents, which appeared both in 1947, are books that already contain themes like "il y a" (the anonymous and threatening "there is"), sexual relation, paternity, and fecundity that appear in Levinas' greater works, in which he criticized both his teachers, who subsumed the Other under the Same. This anthology, including Levinas's key philosophical texts over a period of more than forty years, provides an ideal introduction to his thought and offers insights into his most innovative ideas. Although he became increasingly critical of the philosophies of his teachers, he continued to use the phenomenological method in his own philosophic work. Parallel to his "professional" (i.e., philosophic) writings, Levinas also published a vast body of "confessional" writings that treat Judaism, religious themes, and Talmud. Already in his early publication De l'évasion (1935), Levinas looked for what exceeds the Being, maintaining that the relation of man to Being is not only ontology. In the late 1950's and early 1960's, Levinas began to formulate his own philosophy which became increasingly critical of Heidegger's philosophy, and, with his critique of prior phenomenological thinkers and Western philosophy in general, Levinas began to assert the primacy of the ethical relationship with the Other. His remarkable Talmudic Readings were first delivered at the annual meetings of the Colloque des Intellectuels Juifs de Langue Française, which started in 1957; they were later collected and published. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. 1995) was a philosopher famous for having developed an original interpretation of Edmund Husserl’s phenomenological method, using the latter to address the foundations of ethics and normativity. Levinas rejects any moral intellectualism. The face by Levinas. history of science, of philosophy, and of ideas. Levinas strongly felt the need to leave the "climate" of Heidegger's philosophy, in which the encounter with other human beings was neglected, since Heidegger concentrated upon modes of Being rather than on the intersubjective world. Levinas renewed Jewish thinking and by now occupies an eminent place in the pantheon of modern Jewish thinkers such as Hermann Cohen, Franz Rosenzweig, and Martin Buber. Levinas: philosophy of the other published 5–12-2012 ... Emmanuel Levinas turns it around: the ethical call for benevolence is primary, precedes the self and all consideration of self-interest, and protection of one’s interests is a compromise on that. He fought for the French during World War II and was captured by the Germans, though remained a prisoner of war and was not sent to a concentration camp. He read the great Russian classics Dostoyevsky, Tolstoy, Turgeniev, Gogol, Pushkin, and Lermontov. ); idem, "Guilt and Responsibility as Characteristics of the Answerable Man in the Thought of E. Levinas," in: Y. Amir (ed. ROSENZWEIG, FRANZ He further tries to avoid the problem of the thematizing of the unthematizable by incessantly unsaying the said (dédire le Dit), because no said may contain the Saying (le Dire) of responsibility. In contrast, because ontology treats the Other as an object of judgments made by theoretical reason, it deals with him as a finite being. Springer-Verlag, 951pp. Levinas played a pioneer role in the dissemination of phenomenology in France. Dialogue and Difference (2004), 133–56; idem, "Religion and State in the Thought of Emmanuel Levinas," A. Ravitzky (ed. In that same year he published Totality and Infinity and with this publication Levinas established his reputation as an independent, original philosopher in France. This anthology, including Levinas's key philosophical texts over a period of more than forty years, provides an ideal introduction to his thought and offers insights into his most innovative ideas. Heidegger had published in 1927 his Sein und Zeit, a work much appreciated by Levinas. His ethics is not epistemologically founded, nor is it based upon reason as in Kant, but upon the normative relation, i.e., upon the concrete demand of the other person. In 1934, for instance, he published "Some Reflections on the Philosophy of Hitlerism," criticizing New Germany's primitivism. Levinas exhorts his reader to have a mature faith and get rid of one’s primitive and childish views of God. The human face in Emmanuel Levinas. Emmanuel Levinas (1906–95) studied philosophy at Strasbourg University in France. He also co-translated Husserl's Cartesian Meditations. LEVINAS, EMMANUEL (1906–1995), philosopher and Jewish thinker. He now attempted to leave out the language of ontology and writes about "an-archy," "hostage," "obsession," "persecution," and "substitution." Although Levinas does acknowledge Jewish particularity as prototypically refusing totality, he highlights the universal dimension in Judaism. In Levinas' ethics, the Other with his constitutive strangeness puts the self into question. His philosophy places him amongst the most profound thinkers. In contrast to these teachings, Levinas searches not for totality, but for what ruptures "totality," for what he calls "infinity," "alterity," "discourse," "transcendence," and "exteriority.". The encounter of the Other via the face is a key to human consciousness, his work as a philosopher and his moral teachings. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. He developed an early interest in Husserl’s … He asks: “What kind of strange magician did you project as the inhabitant of your heaven.” Only an empty heaven allows one to take on the responsibilities of justice in this world. Encyclopedia.com. ), Ethics as First Philosophy (1995); S. Petrosino and J.Rolland, La Vérite nomade: Introduction à Emmanuel Lévinas (1984); F. Poirié, Emmanuel Lévinas: Qui êtes-vous (1987); T. Wright, The Twilight of Jewish Philosophy: Emmanuel Levinas' Ethical Hermeneutics (1999); E. Wyschogrod, Emmanuel Levinas: The Problem of Ethical Metaphysics (1974); For a bibliography of works by and on Levinas until 1989, see R. Burggraeve, Emmanuel Lévinas: Une bibliographie primaire et secondaire (1929–1985), avec complément 1985–1989 (1990). An introduction by Adriaan … Emmanuel Levinas (b. He survived; his wife and daughter also survived, having fled from Paris with the help of Maurice Blanchot and finally finding a hiding place in a French monastery. The principal theme of Lévinas’s work after World War II is the traditional place of ontology as “first philosophy”—the most fundamental philosophical discipline. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: "Emmanuel Levinas," by Bettina Bergo. It is therefore a reversal of the ontological approach to the subject. EMMANUEL LEVINAS Best known for his theories of ethics and responsibility, Emmanuel Levinas was one of the most profound and influential thinkers of the last century. D. Banon, La Lecture infinie: Les Voies de l'interprétation midrachique (1987); R. Bernasconi and S. Critchley (eds. Insofar as the moral debt one owes to the Other can never be satisfied—Lévinas claims that the Other is “infinitely transcendent, infinitely foreign”—one’s relation to him is that of infinity. The philosophy of Emmanuel Levinas is the result of the influence of the group of the three H (G. W. Hegel, Edmund Husserl, and Martin Heidegger). From 1947 until 1951 he studied Talmud with Rabbi Mordechai Chouchani, who was also the teacher of Elie *Wiesel. Serving as an officer in the French army at the outbreak of World War II, he was captured by German troops in 1940 and spent the next five years in a prisoner-of-war camp. Emmanuel Levinas (Kaunas, 1905-Paris, 1996) Lithuanian philosopher of Jewish origin, naturalized French in 1930.He completed his first studies in philosophy in Strasbourg.In 1928 he moved to Freiburg, where he discovered Husserl's phenomenology and Heidegger's thought.In France he attended Leon Brunschvicg's courses at the Sorbonne.At the end of World War II, after a period of … https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/levinas-emmanuel, "Levinas, Emmanuel Once it is Japheth that visits the tents of Shem, once it is vice versa. R. Cohen, 1985) which contains talks of P. Nemo with Levinas, presents a good introduction to his entire oeuvre. He did not conceive the subject as a consciousness, but as welcoming the Other, as "responsibility," "exposure," "witness," and as "in proximity." Corrections? Emmanuel Levinas (b. DOI link for Emmanuel Levinas. Specifically, Lévinas says that the human face "orders and ordains" us. © 2019 Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. Actes du xxxvie Colloque des intellectuels juifs de langue française (1998); S. Handelman, Fragments of Redemption: Jewish Thought and Literary Theory in Benjamin, Scholem, and Levinas (1991); M.-A. Levinas’s formal reflections on Jewish thought first appeared in a collection of essays published in 1963 as Difficile liberté (Difficult Freedom). Ethics, which Levinas wanted to discuss philosophically, is for him attested to in the holy life, to which the Bible, Midrashim, and Talmud testify. ), Emmanuel Lévinas – Philosophie et judaïsme (Pardès, 26; 1999) 101–4; R.A. Cohen (ed. ), Lévinas e la cultura del xx secolo (Cultura Filosofica e Scienze Umane, 3), (2001), 209–35 (= Daat, 50–52 (2003), 423–39); idem, "Ethics, Politics and God in the Writings of E. Levinas," in: Democratic Culture, vol. COHEN, HERMANN (1842–1918) was a Jewish philosopher of religion and founder and exponent of Marburg Neo-Kantian philoso…, KoyrÉ, Alexandre 1906–d. Some of these essays on Judaism were collected in Difficult Freedom (1963), in Beyond the Verse (1982), and In the Time of the Nations (1988). In addition to his philosophic work, Levinas began publishing articles on Jewish subjects. When in midlife Levinas steeped himself in Jewish learning, he was both probing the meaning of Jewish identity in the Galut (Hebrew: “Exile”), or Jewish Diaspora, and searching for remedies for the ostensible deficiencies of mainstream Western philosophy, with its orientation toward theoretical reason and absolute certainty. Ethics and Infinity (trans. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. Levinas was the first Jewish thinker in modern times to approach the Talmud philosophically, mainly its aggadic parts, as a source of wisdom relevant for our day. Emmanuel Levinas was among the most prominent European Jewish intellectuals in the second half of the 20th century. Emmanuel Levinas is one of the greatest thinkers of the twentieth century , but the complexity of his thought, as well as Heidegger’s, prevents a real spread / democratization of his work. Philosophers and theologians all over the world are interested in Levinas' work. Emmanuel Levinas . Ethics as first philosophy. ), Emmanuel Lévinas: L'Éthique comme philosophie première (1993); J. Halpérin and N. Hansson, Colloque des intellectuels juifs. ), Jewish Philosophy and the Academy (1996), 142–64; idem, "War and Peace in the Philosophy of E. Levinas," in: Iyyun –The Jerusalem Philosophical Quarterly, 45 (1997), 471–79 (Heb. Description. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. ), The Provocation of Levinas: Rethinking the Other (1988); R. Burggraeve, From Self-Development to Solidarity: An Ethical Reading of Human Desire in its Socio-Political Relevance According to Emmanuel Levinas, transl. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). There his fellow…, Levine, Bernard Robert 1947- (Levi Brunel, Robert K. Thomas), Levine, George 1931- (George Lewis Levine), https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/levinas-emmanuel, Bergson, Henri (18 October 1859 - 4 January 1941). It means that, ethically, people are responsible to one-another in the face-to-face encounter. Thus, Levinas makes ethics, respect for others, the first philosophy. Our century has seen the man’s face disappear behind the multiplicity of determinations (biological, social and linguistic) that science has revealed: the death of the man announced by Foucault. Literature is limited primitive and childish emmanuel levinas beliefs of God and the director the. His studies in philosophy in 1923 at the University of Freiburg, Germany, where he studied Talmud Rabbi! French, Jewish philosopher in 1927 his Sein und Zeit, a work much appreciated by Levinas,... Best way to format page numbers the late 20th century responsible to one-another in the second of. 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